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Two additional contingents also joined Frederick's army while travelling through Byzantine Empire.

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Numbered about 1, men. For this reason, the Third Crusade is also known as the Kings' Crusade. It was partially successful, recapturing the important cities of Acre and Jaffa , and reversing most of Saladin's conquests, but it failed to recapture Jerusalem, which was the major aim of the Crusade and its religious focus. After the failure of the Second Crusade of —, the Zengid dynasty controlled a unified Syria and engaged in a conflict with the Fatimid rulers of Egypt.

Saladin ultimately brought both the Egyptian and Syrian forces under his own control, and employed them to reduce the Crusader states and to recapture Jerusalem in The death of Henry 6 July , however, meant the English contingent came under the command of his successor, King Richard I of England.

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The elderly German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa also responded to the call to arms, leading a massive army across the Balkans and Anatolia. His death caused tremendous grief among the German Crusaders, and most of his troops returned home. Following a major victory by the Crusaders at the Battle of Arsuf , most of the coastline of the Levant was returned to Christian control.

On 2 September Richard and Saladin finalized the Treaty of Jaffa , which recognised Muslim control over Jerusalem but allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims and merchants to visit the city. Richard departed the Holy Land on 9 October The military successes of the Third Crusade allowed the Christians to maintain considerable states in Cyprus and on the Syrian coast, restoring the Kingdom of Jerusalem on a narrow strip from Tyre to Jaffa.

The failure to re-capture Jerusalem inspired the subsequent Fourth Crusade of —, but Europeans would only regain the city—and only briefly—in the Sixth Crusade in The following year, Baldwin V died before his ninth birthday, and his mother, Sybilla , sister of Baldwin IV, crowned herself queen and her husband, Guy of Lusignan , king.

The newly crowned King Guy appealed to Raynald to give in to Saladin's demands, but Raynald refused to follow the king's orders.